Circassian Diasporas in Europe, Their Rediasporisation and Formation of Double/Multiple Diaspora Consciousness

This chapter discusses the rediasporisation of the Circassian diaspora from Turkey in Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands, focusing on how double and multiple identities develop while maintaining ties to Turkey and the Caucasus. Rediasporisation, or the secondary migration of a diaspora, fosters these identities by blending ethnic heritage with experiences in both the original and host societies. Circassian identity stems from forced displacement from the North Caucasus after 1864 and is shaped by historical memory, advocacy for genocide recognition, and ideals to return to ancestral homelands. Drawing on structured interviews, the research examines community identity, friendships - neigbours, rights - opportunities, and decisions about return. Cultural traditions, transnational activities, and frequent travel reinforce these connections, while social pressures, perceived discrimination, and the desire to preserve culture shape mobility. The chapter demonstrates that diaspora is dynamic, with belonging and identity constantly renegotiated, and that Circassians actively form new diasporas across Europe.