Christian missionary activities in colonial South Asia were influenced by and depended on complex processes of larger (trans-)colonial encounters, trade interests, and strategies of expansion. Competing missionary agendas prevailed in Indian colonial contexts in fields ranging from immediate conversion activities over practical engagement in socio-economic fields to the vast area of missionary knowledge production. They differed and changed depending on the respective religious, social, economic, and political conditions under which they had been framed in Europe (or elsewhere), on the one hand, and implemented in India, on the other.