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Regional focus:
Arab countries (notably Arabian Peninsula and Bilād al-Shām), Indian Ocean
Regional focus:
Africa, especially East Africa and the Swahili coast; transregional connections, especially across the Indian Ocean and the Muslim world; also to Southern Africa.
Regional focus:
Russia, Ukraine, Central Asia, Caucasus
Regional focus:
Middle East and Europe, particularly Turkey, Syria and Germany
Regional focus:
South Asia, especially India; India–The German Democratic Republic–The Federal Republic of Germany entanglements
Regional focus:
East- and Northeast Africa
Regional focus:
India, Indian Ocean
Regional focus:
Eastern Mediterranean; Southeast Europe; Habsburg, Ottoman, and German Empires and their successor states